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Acid Mine Drainage. Central American Free Trade Agreement. In Somsonge Burusphat ed. Annual Editions Anthropology 37 E. Annual Editions are updated on a regular basis through a continuous monitoring. Language English. Edition Statement 41st edition. Every textbook comes with a day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by McGraw-Hill Education. Publisher Description. The Birth and Death of a Language, Shira Rubin, New Scientist, New sign languages have been spontaneously created across the globe within families and small communities of the deaf.

These are of great interest to linguists who study them to understand how languages form and to test theories regarding the relative influence of genetics and cultural circumstances upon language acquisition. The imminent disappearance of such "village signs" is itself an interesting by-product of the trends as villagers are increasingly exposed to national education systems and globalization communication.

While the specifics of what is right and wrong have changed over time, the overall concept has not. It is one of fairness. The Exercise Paradox, Herman Pontzer, Scientific American, Although conventional wisdom has long held that physically active people burn more calories than less active people do, studies of hunter-gatherers show that this is simply not the case.

Conclusions: obesity is "a disease of gluttony," and "you can't n a bad Generous by Nature, Bob Holmes, New Scientist, In many traditional societies, such as the Masai of East Africa, the ability to survive a natural catastrophe, whether it be a drought or a winter storm, involves "need-based" giving, a "proto-insurance policy" by which people are taught to be empathetic and generous with no more reward than prestige.

With some tweaking, these are lessons that are applicable in modern society as well. Breastfeeding and Culture, Katherine Dettwyler, McGraw-Hill Education, Whether or not a mother breastfeeds her child, and for how long, is influenced by cultural beliefs and societal restraints.

Scientific research, including cross-cultural studies, shows that nursing is not just beneficial for the child, but improves the health of the mother, makes for more wholesome familial relationships, and is good for the society as a whole. Taste Test, Bee Wilson, Discover, In a ground-breaking experiment, pediatrician Clara Davis, investigated what children's appetites would look like if allowed to develop without preconceived ideas of what tasted good.

Contrary to what most people took from this study-that children's' likes and dislikes are built-in and natural-Davis found that as long as children were allowed to select only from wholesome and nutritious foods, they not only liked what they were offered, but their health improved dramatically.

In other words, the beneficial outcomes for the children were not based upon some mystical "wisdom of the body," but rather upon the particular food environment presented to them.

Meghalaya: Where Women Call the Shots, Subir Bhaumik, Aljazerra, In a far corner of India, a country where women usually cry out for equality, respect, and protection, there's a state where women own the land, run the business, and pass on their family names to their children. Meanwhile, it is the men who are asking for more rights. The Inuit Paradox, Patricia Gadsby, Discover, The traditional diet of the Far North, with its high-protein, high-fat content, shows that there are no essential foods-only essential nutrients.

Cell Phones, Sharing, and Social Status in an African Society, Daniel Jordan Smith, McGraw-Hill Education, Although the economic dimensions of Nigeria's emerging cell phone culture are important, much of its cell phone-related behavior requires a social rather than an economic explanation.

Contrary to sweeping generalities, however, such as the patriarchal "protective theory" and the feminist "oppressive theory," each of which emphasized female dependence and subjugation to men, the archaeological, historical, and anthropological evidence indicates that the way people organize their domestic lives has much more to do with the needs and contingencies of time and place.

Goldstein, Natural History, While the custom of fraternal polyandry relegated many Tibetan women to spinsterhood, this unusual marriage form promoted personal security and economic well-being for its participants. No More Angel Babies on the Alto do Cruzeiro, Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Natural History, During her 30 years of fieldwork in a shantytown of Northeastern Brazil, a nthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes has seen profound changes take place in poverty-stricken mothers' attitudes toward rampant infant mortality.

Whereas at one time, these women would resign themselves to their children's fate-and even withhold tender loving care from them so as to hasten the day they became angels, today there are fewer children being born and every one of them is cherished. The greatest single factor in these changes, says Scheper-Hughes, are the Brazilian government's anti-poverty programs.

Arranging a Marriage in India, Serena Nanda, Waveland Press, Arranging a marriage in India is far too serious a business for the young and inexperienced.

Instead, the parents make the decision on the basis of the families' social position, reputation, and ability to get along. Williams, Beacon Press, , Not all societies agree with the Western cultural view that all humans are either women or men. In fact, many Native American cultures recognize an alternative role called the "berdache," a morphological male who has a non-masculine character.

This is just one way for a society to recognize and assimilate some atypical individuals without imposing a change on them or stigmatizing them as deviants. The Hijras: An Alternative Gender in India, Serena Nanda, Manushi, The transgender hijra of India form structured households and communities and, as a caste, fulfill roles that are rooted in social and religious tradition. Afghan Boys Are Prized, So Girls Live the Part, Jenny Nordbert, The New York Times, Some Afghan families have many reasons for pretending that their girls are boys, including economic need, social pressures to have sons, and even the belief that doing so can lead to the birth of a real boy.

In any case, lacking a son, the parents may decide to make one up. However, with the development of a cash economy, increased consumerism, and a status-striving society, heightened demands for dowry and the inability of many brides' families to meet such demands have led to thousands of deaths each year.

Like a Virgin? Yet, because patriarchal attitudes persist, some women are opting for hymen restoration so as to satisfy potential husbands that they are still virgins and improve their marital chances.

Unit 6: Religion, Belief, and Ritual Dark Rites, Dan Jones, New Scientist, Rituals often seem overly complex and nonsensical when they involve a mode of thinking distinct from a logical cause-and-effect approach.

Yet, because they reflect group values and demonstrate a shared commitment to the group, they have been important for developing trust between people who interact and trade with one another.

The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual, Richard Sosis, American Scientist, Rituals promote group cohesion by requiring members to engage in behavior that is too costly to fake. Groups that do so are more likely to attain their collective goals than the groups whose members are less committed. Morality Tale, Nicolas Baumard, New Scientist, Moralizing religions such as Christianity arise in times of great stress, when resources are scarce and mortality is high and people tend to be impulsive and aggressive.

The privileged elites will use religion to exhort the disadvantaged to be good. In good times, the opposite happens as the need to morally condemn "bad" behavior declines.

Yet, with the emphasis of some Islamist's on a strong relationship between religion and state, and with an increasing number of Islamic militants calling for violence against the West, communication and mutual understanding are becoming more important than ever.

Reputation Is Everything: Unearthing Honour Culture in America, Emma Young, New Scientist, Anthropologists have found "honor cultures" to be characterized by a deep concern for reputation and a sense of being duty-bound to retaliate against anything perceived as a slight. In contrast with "dignity cultures," such societies tend to be misogynistic, violent and retaliatory. In parts of the United States, particularly in the South, such traits are expressed in the objectification of women, lax gun laws, and higher rates of school shooting.

As might be expected, "honor cultures develop where there is some degree of economic insecurity and lawlessness Five Myths of Terrorism, Michael Shermer, Scientific American, Acts of terrorism educe strong emotions, a desire to explain the motives behind such awful deeds, and a need to justify whatever action is taken against the perpetrators.

The response to terrorism, in other words, may be just as irrational as the act itself. Losing Our Religion, Graham Lawton, New Scientist Magazine, The world is becoming less religious in the formal sense, a trend that seems to be related to prosperity, security, and democracy. Yet, most of those who no longer affiliate with a particular religious institution still subscribe to some form of spiritual belief in a continuing effort to seek the comfort that organized religion provides.

Body Ritual among the Nacirema, Horace Miner, American Anthropologist, The rituals, beliefs, and taboos, of the Nacirema provide us with a test case of the objectivity of ethnographic description and show us the extremes to which human behavior can go. Unit 7: Sociocultural Change Quiet Revolutions, Bob Holmes, New Scientist Magazine, It has long been believed that the transition from hunting to farming occurred in a very few places in the world, that it was a response to population pressures and that it happened relatively rapidly.

Even after crops were domesticated, it was sometimes thousands of years before people began to rely on them for most of their calories. It was a revolution with respect to its effect on our lives more than it was in terms of the time it took.

Ruined, Michael Marshall, New Scientist Magazine, Recent studies of the correlation between climate change and social upheavals such as wars, famines, and the collapse of civilizations indicate that temperature changes and droughts have played a significant role in human history. Perhaps the most important question now is: Will we learn from history or are we doomed to repeat it.

The Price of Progress, John Bodley, Mayfield Publishing, As traditional cultures are sacrificed in the process of modernization, tribal peoples not only lose the security, autonomy, and quality of life they once had, but they also became powerless, second-class citizens who are discriminated against and exploited by the dominant society.

The Lost World, Alex Shoumatoff, Smithsonian, As Borneo's epic rainforests are being cleared at a faster rate per acre than the Amazon's, the world's insatiable hunger for palm oil and timber is closing in on some of the last hunter-gatherers and their ancient way of life.